Mark M. Lowenthal has over thirty-nine years experience in U.S. intelligence. Dr. Lowenthal has served as the Assistant Director of Central Intelligence for Analysis and Production, Vice Chairman for Evaluation on the National Intelligence Council, staff director of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, offi ce director and as a Deputy Assistant Secretary of State in the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR), and Senior Specialist in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. Dr. Lowenthal has written extensively on intelligence and national security issues, including five books and over 100 articles or studies. His book Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy (6th ed., 2014) is the standard college and graduate school text on the topic. Dr. Lowenthal received his BA from Brooklyn College and his PhD in history from Harvard University. He is an adjunct professor at the Johns Hopkins University; he was an adjunct at Columbia University from 1993-2007. Currently, Dr. Lowenthal is President and CEO of the Intelligence & Security Academy, an education and consulting firm. Robert M. Clark currently is an independent consultant performing threat analyses for the U.S. Intelligence Community (IC). He is also a faculty member of the Intelligence and Security Academy and a professor of intelligence studies at the University of Maryland University College. He previously was a faculty member of the director of National Intelligence (DNI) Intelligence Community Officers' Course and course director of the DNI Introduction to the Intelligence Community course. Dr. Clark served as a U.S. Air Force electronics warfare officer and intelligence officer, reaching the rank of lieutenant colonel. At the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), he was a senior analyst and group chief responsible for managing analytic methodologies. Clark holds an SB from MIT, a PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Illinois, and a JD from George Washington University. He has previously authored three books: Intelligence Analysis: A Target-Centric Approach (4th edition, 2013), The Technical Collection of Intelligence (2010), and Intelligence Collection (2014).