About the Authors xv
Preface xvii
Series Preface xix
Acknowledgements xxi
Acronyms and Abbreviations xxiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Factors Affecting Health 2
1.2 The System of Interest 2
1.2.1 The Operating Environment 2
1.2.2 The Atmosphere 3
1.2.3 The Aircraft Inhabitants 4
1.2.4 Sources of Environmental Stimuli 5
1.3 The Aircraft 6
1.3.1 Military Aircraft 6
1.3.2 Commercial Aircraft 8
1.4 Design Considerations 10
1.5 Summary 14
References 16
Further Reading 16
Useful Web Sites 16
2 Some 'Minor' Ailments 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.1.1 Health Information 17
2.1.2 Considering the Whole Trip 18
2.1.3 Some Symptoms Reported by Travellers 18
2.1.4 Health Risks 19
2.2 Some Common Conditions of Air Travel 20
2.2.1 General Discomfort 20
2.2.2 Jet Lag (Circadian Dysrhythmia) 21
2.2.3 Fear of Flying (Aerophobia) 23
2.2.4 Discomfort of the Ears 23
References 25
Further Reading 25
Useful Web Sites 26
3 Air Quality 27
3.1 The Environment 28
3.1.1 The Atmosphere 28
3.1.2 Air Quality 28
3.1.3 Cabin Air Supply 29
3.1.4 Sources of Contamination 29
3.2 Aircraft Environments 31
3.2.1 Commercial Aircraft 31
3.2.2 Military Aircraft 33
3.3 Environmental Control Systems 36
3.3.1 Air Cooling 36
3.3.2 Air Distribution 36
3.4 Health Issues 40
3.4.1 Effects of Contamination 41
3.4.2 Aerotoxic Syndrome 41
3.4.3 At Risk on the Ground? 47
3.4.4 Spreading Illness 47
3.5 System Implications 48
3.5.1 Contaminants 48
3.5.2 Future Systems 51
3.6 Request for Further Information 55
References 56
Further Reading 57
Useful Web Sites 58
4 Deep Vein Thrombosis 59
4.1 Introduction 59
4.1.1 How Common Is It? 61
4.1.2 How Long Is a Long Flight? 62
4.2 The Environment 62
4.3 Aircraft Environments 63
4.3.1 Commercial Aircraft 63
4.3.2 Large Military Aircraft 64
4.3.3 Fast-Jet Military Aircraft 67
4.4 The System 67
4.4.1 Commercial Aircraft 67
4.4.2 Military Aircraft 68
4.5 Health Issues 69
4.5.1 Cabin Altitude and Pressure 70
4.5.2 SoWho Is at Risk? 71
4.5.3 Summary of Risks 72
4.6 System Implications 73
4.6.1 Litigation 73
4.6.2 Preventative Measures 74
4.6.3 Advice to Passengers 74
4.6.4 Continuing Work 76
References 77
Further Reading 78
Useful Web Sites 78
5 Noise and Vibration 79
5.1 The Environment 81
5.2 Aircraft Environment 82
5.2.1 Commercial Aircraft 82
5.2.2 Military Aircraft 83
5.3 Health Issues 85
5.3.1 Hearing 85
5.3.2 Vibration 85
5.4 System Implications 86
5.4.1 Limiting Flying Hours 86
5.4.2 Active Noise Cancellation 87
5.4.3 Microphone Disabling 87
5.4.4 Personal Noise Management 87
5.4.5 Risk Assessment 88
References 88
Further Reading 88
Useful Web Sites 88
6 Exposure to Radiation 89
6.1 The Environment 89
6.1.1 Cosmic Radiation 90
6.1.2 Radiation in Space 92
6.1.3 Non-ionising Radiation 92
6.2 The Aircraft Environment 93
6.2.1 Ionising Radiation from Space 93
6.2.2 Non-ionising RF Radiation 94
6.2.3 Understanding the ...
