"The Business of Reflection: Hawthorne in His Notebooks" is a scholarly, annotated selection of Nathaniel Hawthorne's "American Notebooks, English Notebooks, "and "French and Italian Notebooks" culled from the authoritative "Centenary Edition of the Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne" (The Ohio State University Press, 23 volumes) and intended both for students and teachers of American literature and for general readers. "The American Notebooks" (1835-53) cover the period of most of Hawthorne's published writing and are crucial background for the genesis of his fiction, for his psychological and vocational development, for his marriage to Sophia Peabody, and for his relationships with contemporaries such as Emerson, Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller. "The English Notebooks" (1853-60) record his experiences and impressions during his residence in England, among them his incisive and influential sketch of Herman Melville. "The French and Italian Notebooks" (1858-59) are a sourcebook for Hawthorne's last published romance, "The Marble Faun" and, as Henry James observed, for his deeply ambivalent response to the aesthetic and historical legacy of European civilization. Taken together, Hawthorne's notebooks are essential materials for studying Hawthorne as a writer and a man. They present him at his most candid, intimate, and robust--a many-sided figure who complements and revises the persona known from his published writings, often in unexpected ways.